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25.06.2026

New review of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 8/2026: Risks in settlements and transactions with unfriendly foreign counterparties

Dear Colleagues,

On June 22, 2026, the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation has published important clarifications (Thematic review No. 8/2026 dated June 17, 2026), which significantly refine and change the approach to assessing risks in settlements and transactions with foreign counterparties from countries included in the list of states unfriendly to the Russian Federation.

The document establishes the trend of judicial practice toward recognizing as void any legal structures aimed at circumventing special economic measures.

The document summarizes the approaches of courts to mechanisms such as payment splitting, cession, conclusion of settlement agreements or direct transactions with assets.

Below we provide a brief summary of some conclusions of the Review, however, we highly recommend you to review the full text of the document.

1. Payment splitting: a new direction in judicial practice

The key conclusion of the paragraph 4 of the Review concerns payments to foreign counterparties from unfriendly states.

The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation specified that the formal division of payments ("artificial splitting" according the text of the document) on credit obligations into tranches of up to 10 million rubles with the aim of circumventing the special settlement procedure (Presidential Decree No. 95) constitutes an abuse of rights.

It should be reminded that under the Presidential Decree No. 95 of the Russian Federation dated March 5, 2022, the special procedure (including the mechanism of type "С" accounts) applies when the limit of 10 million rubles per month (or the according equivalent in other currency) is exceeded in respect of obligations to a specific foreign creditor.

Position of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation: formal compliance with the monthly limit for each individual payment does not provide business immunity from scrutiny.

If the totality of transactions indicates an intention to circumvent the requirements of the Decree No. 95, such actions may be qualified as void on the basis of the Articles 10 and 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (abuse of rights).

Risk area:

Although the clarification of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation concerns only loan agreements, it is important to consider that the restrictions initially introduced by the Decree No. 95 and applicable to them were subsequently extended by additional Decrees (with reference to the rules introduced by the Decree No. 95) and effectively also apply to other types of payments in favor of foreign persons (such as dividends, royalties and others).

In this regard, it can be expected that the new position of the court may be relevant not only for the situation described in the Review regarding credit obligations but also for other types of payments, such as:

  • Intra-group financing and loans;
  • License fees and royalties;
  • Payment of dividends to foreign participants;
  • Any other periodic transactions to the persons from unfriendly jurisdictions.

The following factors are now critical for risk assessment: the economic purpose of the transaction, the total amount of aggregate obligations, control under payment recipients by unfriendly jurisdictions and interconnection of all payments made.

2. Other significant conclusions summarized in the Review

In addition to the issue of payment splitting, the Supreme Court has summarized its position on several other important matters that shape a comprehensive risk landscape for businesses. Below are given the examples of some conclusions of the Review:

1) Real estate transactions controlled by persons from unfriendly states

Essence: a real estate purchase and sale agreement concluded by a Russian company controlled by a foreign person from an unfriendly jurisdiction (i.e., where such person holds a share of more than 50%) is void if no permission from the Government Commission has been obtained (subclause "a" of the Decree No. 81).

Conclusion: even in the absence of any fact of funds being transferred abroad, the fact of concluding a transaction in circumvention of the permitting procedure itself is qualified as a violation of public interests (clause 2 of the Article 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and results in the transaction being recognized void.

2) Establishment of foreign control over strategic assets

Essence: transactions for the acquisition of shares (interests) in strategic enterprises (the Review refers to a port) without prior approval from the Government Commission (in accordance with the Law No. 57-FZ) are void.

Consequences: in addition to bilateral restitution, the recovery of shares in favor of the Russian Federation may be applied as a consequence (Part 11 of the Article 15 of Law No. 57-FZ).

3) Assignment of claims to a friendly state

Essence: the assignment of a claim under a contract whereby a foreign creditor from an unfriendly country assigns the claim to a Russian or other friendly counterparty solely for the purpose of receiving money in circumvention of type "C" or "O" accounts, is void (Articles 10 and 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation).

This applies both to loans (Decree No. 95) and to license fees (Decree No. 322).

4) Settlement agreement

Essence: a settlement agreement that provides for the payment of money (e.g., compensation for intellectual property infringement) not directly to a foreign rights holder from an unfriendly country, but to its Russian representative (or other person) in circumvention of the permitting procedure (in the situation described in the Review – the transfer of funds to a special type "O" account), cannot be approved by the court and is void.

Conclusion: a settlement agreement is considered as a transaction to which the permitting procedure applies on the basis of the current restrictive measures, in accordance with the underlying logic of the situation. Should violations be identified, the agreement may be declared void on the basis of the Articles 10 and 168 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

5) Limitation of liability of banks

Essence: Russian bank that has debited a client's funds and sent them through an intermediary bank in an unfriendly country shall not be liable for the losses of the client if the transfer was blocked by the intermediary due to sanctions imposed at a later date, which the bank did not know and could not have known at the time of the transfer.

Conclusion: the risk of the transfer being blocked by the intermediary bank in an unfriendly country lies with the client, provided that the Russian sending bank proves that it acted in good faith and could not have foreseen the imposition of restrictions.

Conclusions and recommendations

The extracts given above do not summarize all the conclusions covered in the Review. We recommend you to review the full text of the document.

To minimize risks, we recommend companies making settlements with foreign counterparties to pay attention to the following factors:

  • Conduct an audit of current obligations to counterparties from unfriendly countries and verify the need to comply with restrictive measures and apply the special settlement procedure;
  • Analyze the economic purpose of their transactions and identify any signs of artificial splitting;
  • Assess aggregate obligations. When reviewing consider the aggregate volume of obligations to a foreign recipient from an unfriendly state, not only the amount of a single payment order;
  • Review the ownership structure of foreign counterparties to identify possible factors of control by persons from unfriendly states;

Our team is ready to conduct a comprehensive analysis of your situation promptly and, if necessary, help to adjust the logic of your settlement arrangements in the light of the latest judicial practice developments.

Contacts:

Maria Matrossowa, Partner, Project Leader: maria.matrossowa@swilar.ru

Daria Pogodina, Partner: daria.pogodina@swilar.ru

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    Legal protection of trademarks in Russia: risks and consequences of non-use

    Dear colleagues,

    Over the past year, international brands that have reduced their presence or left the Russian market have been registering trademarks in the Russian Federation, which has been widely covered in the media. Having received many questions from companies about the regulation of brand protection in the current situation, we decided to describe in more detail the mechanism of trademark protection in Russia, the existing risks, opportunities and options.

     

    National and international trademarks in Russia

    Russia protects both trademarks registered under the Madrid system (international registrations) and national marks registered with the Federal Service for Intellectual Property (Rospatent). 

    Russia recognizes conventional priority (Article 1507 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federatio , Article 4 of the Madrid Agreement), which means protection of rights to a trademark registered in any Paris Convention country. 

    However 

    • the introduction of the parallel import regime has partially limited this protection for certain categories of goods;
    • legal protection of a trademark may be terminated early if the right holder does not use it for three consecutive years in respect of the goods concerned.

    This provision is set forth in Article 1486 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federatio and corresponds to clause “c” of Article 5 of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property dated 20.03.1883. 

     

    How does it happen?

    In accordance with clause 1 of Article 1486 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federatio , legal protection of a trademark may be early terminated in respect of all or part of the goods for which it is registered, if the mark has not been used for three consecutive years.

    An interested person who has reasons to believe that the right holder does not use the trademark shall have the right to send him a proposal for voluntary withdrawal of legal protection.

    Such a proposal may contain a claim either to 

    • submit an application to the federal executive body in the field of intellectual property to waive the right to the trademark, or 
    • enter into an agreement on alienation of the exclusive right. 

    This proposal shall be sent not only to the right holder, but also to the address indicated in the State Register of Trademarks or the relevant international register.

    It is important to note that it is possible to send such a proposal only after three years from the date of state registration of the trademark. If within two months after receipt of the proposal the right holder does not take the abovementioned actions, the interested party is entitled within the next thirty days to apply to the court with a claim for early termination of legal protection of the trademark due to its non-use.

    At the same time, the legislation does not contain an exhaustive list of cases when a person may be recognized as an interested party. The court in each specific case assesses whether the claimant has a legitimate interest in terminating the legal protection of the unused trademark. Any person whose legitimate interests are affected by the existence of an unused registration may be acknowledged an interested party.

    Of course, the trademarks of foreign companies that left the Russian market in 2022 face particularly high risks of early termination of protection.

     

    Consequences of loss of legal protectio

    If a trademark loses legal protection, there is a potential risk that third parties may register it on their names. 

    In this case, there is a risk that products marked with the trademark of the former right holder will appear on the market, as control over the brand will be lost. 

    Restoration of rights will require significant time and financial expenses.

     

    Current situation: risks

    The current situation with the possible consequences of the loss of legal protection of a trademark remains controversial. 

    Early termination of protection creates prerequisites for re-registration of a brand or registration of a similar designation. However, despite the significant number of applications duplicating or imitating foreign marks, Rospatent often refuses to register identical or confusingly similar marks held by well-known companies.

    Nevertheless, although the implementation of such brand interception is fraught with obstacles and at the moment the practice is ambiguous, and some examples of court practice already exist that are not in favor of the foreign right holder.

     

    Current situation: court practice

    A recent example of early termination of trademark protection is the ruling of the Intellectual Property Rights Court dated 30.10.2024 (case No. SIP-334/2024). The court satisfied the claim of LLC “R-Climat” against Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson and terminated the legal protection of the company’s trademarks in respect of goods of the 11th class of International Classification of Goods and Services (equipment for ventilation, heating and air conditioning).

    The reason was non-use of the marks for three years, which created an opportunity for their re-registration by other persons.

    Another case in a similar situation is the case concerning registration of the trademark “Fantola” (No. 712275), owned by the Russian company “Drinks from Chernogolovka-Aqualife”. The Western right holder Coca-Cola tried to challenge Rospatent’s decision, claiming that the mark was confusingly similar to its brand. 

    Despite the authority’s initial rejection of the objections, the company appealed to the Intellectual Property Rights Court (IPRC). The court proceedings took an ambiguous turn: at first, the court recognized Rospatent’s actions as invalid, but eventually sent the case for a reconsideratio which confirmed that the “Fantola” trademark could be used.

    This case demonstrates the complexity of such disputes and the lack of unambiguous judicial practice in matters of trademark similarity.

     

    What can be done?

    In order to reduce risks for companies, especially those that have left the Russian market, it is possible to consider maintaining registration or renewing the use of a trademark directly with Rospatent. 

    If registration/renewal of individual marks (e.g. a series or a family of similar trademarks) is done with a certain periodicity every 3 years, the loss of an older trademark will not entail the loss of other similar trademarks for use in the Russian Federation.

    Nevertheless, when deciding on the necessity of such a step it is important to evaluate the totality of factors and assess the degree of risk: the risk is highest if the right holder’s goods are not represented on the Russian market and are not available to Russian consumers for more than 3 years. 

    In this situation, formal registration of the trademark in the Russian Federation may not be sufficient, as the fact of use/non-use of the brand in the Russian Federation is of priority importance. Such trademarks should be actually used to show the good faith of the right holder.

    Thus, it is important to assess the whole issue in a comprehensive manner, taking into account all factors in each individual case.

    When considering all options, it is important to assess whether the following issues have been or will be resolved:

    1. Legal defense – whether there will be an opportunity to stop illegal use of the brand and counterfeit products.
    2. Right to sue – whether there will be the ability to recover compensation for infringement of exclusive rights.
    3. Preservation of market position – whether there will be protection against brand takeover and unfair competition.
    4. Flexibility to return the business – whether it will be possible to resume operations in the Russian Federation without losing trademark rights.

     

    Conclusio

    In the context of sanctions and changes in legislation, trademark rights holders need to actively monitor their use in Russia. Otherwise, there is a risk of losing rights, which may lead to serious commercial and reputational losses. Timely legal measures will allow you to retain control over your brand and avoid undesirable consequences.

    We will be happy to assist you in solving this task and answer your questions.

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      Account of a Russian LLC abroad

      In the context of ongoing difficulties with international payments, many companies have found it necessary to open an account in a foreign bank.

      However, it is important to remember that opening a bank account in another jurisdiction imposes a number of additional obligations on the company, including the submission of necessary reports and notifications.

      In our review, we will look at how not to violate the law in this situation and how to avoid penalties.
      Let’s take a step-by-step look at what a company has to do to comply correctly with all requirements.

         

       1. Notify the Federal Tax Service of Russia.

      It is necessary to notify the Federal Tax Service in the following cases:

      • opening a bank account outside the Russian Federation;
      • closing such an account;
      • changing the account details.

      All Russian organizations are required to submit the corresponding notification. (Part 2, Part 8 of Art. 12 of the Law No. 173-FZ). The notification should be sent to the tax authority at the location of the organization in the form approved by the Order of the Federal Tax Service of Russia dated 26.04.2024 N SD-7-14/349@, within one month from the date of opening (closing) an account or changing the details, respectively (Part 2 of Art. 12 of the Currency Control Law).

      Two forms have been approved: one is for opening and closing an account (Appendix N1), the other is for changing the details of this account (Appendix N2).

      The notification can be submitted to the tax authority on paper (in person, through a representative, by registered mail) or in electronic form via telecommunication channels (TCC) or through the taxpayer’s personal account (PA).

      When making the first transfer to a bank account abroad, the organization needs to provide the Russian bank with a notificatio  on opening this account with a tax inspector’s note on its acceptance (Part 4 of Art. 12 of the Currency Control Law).
      Failure to submit a notification about account or violation of the terms or procedure for submitting it may result in a penalty being imposed on the organization.

      Their amounts are established in the Art. 15.25 of the Code on Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation.

      2. Report to the Federal Tax Service on flow of funds. 

      If a legal entity (resident of the Russian Federation) has foreign accounts, it has to submit a cash flow statement to the tax authority quarterly within 30 days after the end of the reporting quarter, attaching supporting documents: statements or other documents issued by the bank (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 28.12.2005 N 819 (as amended on 22.05.2024)). 

      If the documents are drawn up in a foreign language, the organization has to attach a translation into Russian, duly certified in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation (cl. 7 of the Rules for the Submission of Reports by Residents – Legal Entities). 

      The translation can be carried out by an employee of an organization or an organization engaged in translation activities, since the methods of translation are not limited by the law.

      If necessary, at the request of the tax authorities, translation into Russian, notarized in accordance with the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation, shall be provided.

           3. Comply with the currency legislation, in particular, carry out only legal currency transactions.

      Contracts with non-residents, the amount of obligations for which exceeds the established threshold, namely, import contracts from 3 million rubles and export contracts from 10 million rubles, must be registered by an authorized bank of the Russian Federation.
      The bank will assign a unique number to the contract (cl. 4.2, 5.5 of the Bank of Russia Instruction dated 16.08.2017 N 181-I (as amended on 09.01.2024).

      When crediting export proceeds to an account abroad, it is necessary to provide to the authorized bank a certificate of currency transactions for settlements through an account abroad under accounting contracts, as well as provide a bank statement. 

      The term for providing a certificate of currency transactions for settlements through an account abroad is within 30 working days after the last day of the month in which such transactions were carried out.

           4. Is it necessary to repatriate currency?

      At present, the obligation to repatriate currency has only been retained for some companies.

      From 16.10.2023 to 30.04.2025 inclusive, certain Russian exporters specified in the List approved by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 11.10.2023 No. 771, are required to credit to their accounts in authorized banks and sell proceeds in foreign currency on the domestic currency market of the Russian Federation within the established period and in the established amounts (cl. 1, 5 of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 12.10.2023 No. 1681 “On measures for the implementation of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 11, 2023 No. 771”). 

      The closed list consists of 43 groups of companies belonging to the sectors of the fuel and energy complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and forestry industries, and grain farming. Exporters are notified of their inclusion in the list within 3 days by the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.

      For companies that are not on the closed list, the amount of foreign currency earnings subject to mandatory sale is currently 0%.

      Therefore, if the organization is subject to the cancellation of repatriation, the terms for transferring export proceeds from the organization’s account opened abroad to a Russian bank are not established by regulation, i.e. such funds may remain on account abroad and these funds can be used, for example, for settlement of import or other contracts. 

      Contacts:

      Natalia Safiulina

      Nadezhda Kolomnikova

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      Changes in regulating transactions with persons from unfriendly countries

      At this moment, for companies with Western participation, coordination of transactions with the subcommittee of the Government Commission for Control of Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation remains of great relevance. The subcommittee has the right to make decisions on the issuance by the Government Commission of permits for residents of the Russian Federation to carry out transactions with foreign persons from unfriendly countries, as well as currency transactions.

      We would like to remind you that unfriendly countries, in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.2022 No. 430-р, include, among others, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Republic of Korea, the USA, Ukraine, Switzerland, Japan and all member states of the European Union.

      In particular, in the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 08.09.2022 No. 618 restrictions were established for the execution of transactions that directly and/or indirectly entail the establishment, change or termination of the rights of ownership, use and/or disposal of shares in the authorized capital of limited liability companies or other rights that make it possible to determine the conditions for management of such companies. First of all, these are transactions for disposal of shares in the authorized capital of limited liability companies, which have become relevant due to the desire of a number of Western companies to temporarily or permanently leave the Russian market due to the political situation.

      Such transactions can only be carried out on the basis of permits issued by the Government Commission for Control of Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation, which, if necessary, contain the conditions for carrying out these transactions. The procedure and criteria for issuing permits are constantly updated with a tendency to become stricter, which is aimed at complicating the exit of Western businesses from the Russian market and maintaining their presence in the Russian Federation.

      In addition to the requirements for documents that must be drawn up and submitted for approval, from the end of 2022, in order to alienate the share of an “unfriendly” participant of a limited liability company, it is necessary to pay a voluntary contribution to the budget of the Russian Federation (see our previous review on changes in this area), as well as to carry out the transaction with a mandatory discount.

      At the end of October 2024, the Ministry of Finance of Russia published an updated regulation (Extract from the minutes of the meeting of the subcommittee of the Government Commission for Control of Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation dated 15.10.2024 No. 268/1). The new procedure includes the following:

      1. The amount of the voluntary contribution to be paid to the budget when Russian companies are disposed of by “unfriendly” participants has increased. Now it is 35% of the market value of the asset based on the results of its independent assessment (previously it was necessary to pay 15%).

        An installment plan was introduced for payment of the contribution. 25% of the asset value must now be transferred to the Russian Federation budget within a month from the date of the transaction, 5% within a year, and another 5% within two years from that date.

      2. In addition, the size of the mandatory discount to the market value of the asset upon alienation of an LLC has been changed. Now it must be a minimum of 60%, whereas previously the company could be sold for 50% of its market value.

      Also, if the market value of the alienated assets is more than 50 billion rubles, the consent of the President of the Russian Federation will be required to complete the transaction.

      The new conditions should apply both to future applications for approval of transactions, and to those already submitted, but not considered by the Government Commission.

      Other news includes amendments to the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 04.05.2022 No. 254 regarding the payment of profit of Russian resident companies to their foreign participants.

      Let us remind you that in order to pay “unfriendly” participants profit in an amount exceeding 10 million rubles per calendar month or the equivalent of this amount in foreign currency, it is necessary to follow the procedure established by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated 05.03.2022 No. 95. This procedure involves opening a special account of type “C” in a Russian credit institution in the name of a foreign creditor, through which the corresponding settlements are made. At the same time, the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation was given the authority to determine a different procedure for payment of residents’ profits to foreign creditors, which meant the need to obtain permissions from the Ministry of Finance for this procedure.

      From 09.09.2024, the authority to issue permits for the payment of dividends by Russian companies to persons from unfriendly countries was granted to the Government Commission for Control of Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation. Such permits may contain conditions for the payment of profits.

      The Government of the Russian Federation will additionally develop and approve the procedure for issuing such permits by the Government Commission. After the adoption of the changes, the procedure and terms for approving the payment of dividends may become milder.

      We will keep you updated on the news of the relevant regulation, and are also ready to provide legal support when interacting with authorized bodies on issues of approving transactions and paying dividends to “unfriendly” foreign persons.

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      Daria Pogodina made a presentation at the briefing in Almaty on the topic “How to check your counterparty in Kazakhstan from abroad?”. During her presentation Daria talked about key sources of information for checking the reliability of partners in Kazakhstan, legal aspects of access to data, typical risks and ways to minimize them. The presentation was aimed at international companies planning business cooperation in the region, and included practical advice on remote verification of counterparties.

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      Corporate issues
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      News
      03.09.2024

      swilar at the Russian-German Chamber of Commerce Conference

      On June 5, swilar spoke at the annual Conference for CFOs of the Tax and Financial Reporting Committee of the Russian-German Chamber of Commerce.

      Daria Pogodina, CEO of swilar, spoke on the topic that the company constantly monitors — “The current situation with payments to friendly countries.” Conference participants highly appreciated the comprehensive analysis and effective practical recommendations that were given in the report.

      The VTP conference became a platform for lively discussions and exchange of experience between CFOs of leading foreign companies, especially regarding the situation with expected tax changes, international payments and financial service management in the context of the economic crisis.

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